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Category: Accounting

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Adjustment entries in Tally for accruals and advances

As most of us would be aware, matching principle is one of the most…

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Adjustment entries in Tally for accruals and advances

As most of us would be aware, matching principle is one of the most important principles of accounting. In simple words, it prescribes that all expenses and revenues related to the accounting period should be mapped / accounted for in that accounting period itself. (You could learn in more detail in accounting classes at S20). 

Having said that, there are times when expenses may be paid in advance or revenues may not have been booked. This calls for adjusting the books of accounts with appropriate accounting entries to reflect the true picture that pertains to that particular accounting period. It is here that the adjustment entries come into play. 

Adjustment entries could be on account of two factors: Accruals and Advances. These instances are explained below, alongwith accounting entries to be passed for the same in Tally. These adjustment entries are passed as Journal Vouchers in Tally.

  1. Accruals
    • Expense Accruals
      This represents expenses incurred (say on account of goods purchased or services availed), however not yet accounted for (maybe because invoice has not been received). For example, accounting period is April – March. Electricity bill for March is received in April of the following year. Since electricity has been consumed and expenses have been incurred in the true sense, the same should be accounted for in that year ending 31 March as well. When accruing expenses, the expense account would be debited and instead of sundry creditors, credit is taken to provision for expense account / expense payable account. Thus, accounting entry in Tally would be:
    • Income Accruals
      This represents income accrued/ earned but not recorded, mostly because it is not due.For example, billing cycle agreed with the customer is 3-monthly beginning February. Therefore, while services would have been rendered for February and March, but invoice cannot be raised until April as the right to collect arises only then. As per matching principle, revenue corresponding to the months of February and March should be accounted for. When accruing income, the income account would be credited and instead of sundry debtors, asset account namely income accrued but nor due is created. Thus, accounting entry in Tally would be:

      Having passed afore-said entries, the profit and loss account would now truly reflect the revenue and expense for the accounting period.

  2. Advances
    • Expenses Paid In Advance
      When expenses are paid for a period falling outside the accounting period, books should be adjusted to capture only the amount that pertains to the accounting period for which books are being prepared.For example, annual insurance of Rs. 12,000 is paid in December while the accounting period followed is April – March. In that case, Rs. 8,000 pertaining to April – November of the following year should be excluded from the profit and loss account. This could be done as under:

      Thus, net insurance debited to P/L for the year would be Rs. 4,000 only, pertaining to the period December – April.

    • Incomes Received In Advance
      Contractual terms may require the customer to pay advances upfront. In case where such advances do not get settled within the accounting period under consideration, they should appear as liability account. For example, for a contract signed in March, advance received from customer for the quarter is Rs. 30,000. Assuming April – March year is followed, once services are rendered in March, proportionate part would go to revenues. However, remaining advance should continue to stand as a liability in the books. Entries would be as under:

      Thus, at year-end, only revenue of Rs. 10,000 would go to P/L while net advance of Rs. 20,000 would appear as a liability in the Balance Sheet.

      While this is the gist of the journal entries, a more step by step approach for accounting in Tally can be learnt at accounting classes at Super 20 Training Institute in Ahmedabad.

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All About Deferred Tax – What You Need To Know

Contrary to its name, deferred tax is actually an accounting concept. It is governed…

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deferred tax simplfied - what you need to know

Contrary to its name, deferred tax is actually an accounting concept. It is governed by Accounting Standard 22, which is studied as part of course curriculum of most accounting classes.

In reality, deferred tax is not any form of tax expense paid/payable to the government. It represents accounting for difference between tax expense as per books and as per tax return filed by a taxpayer entity.

Differences in tax expense as per books and as per tax return could occur on account of various reasons, for example the rate at which depreciation on certain asset is accounted for in books may be higher/lower than what is permitted as per income tax law. Another example could be donations made by the company – while they are recorded as expense in profit and loss account, they are not an allowable deduction while computing taxable income.

All such differences are to be classified as either timing difference or permanent difference. Timing differences are those which will get reversed in the future. However, permanent differences are those which, as the name suggests, are permanent in nature and will not be reversed in the future. In the above example, while the book depreciation rate may be different than tax depreciation rate, the cost of asset would eventually be depreciated in entirety in both books and tax records. It is merely that the period over which it is depreciated will differ. Hence, it would qualify as timing difference. On the other hand, donation is never allowed as an expense and therefore qualifies as a permanent difference.

Deferred tax is recognised only on timing differences. Depending upon the nature of timing difference, either a deferred tax asset is created or a deferred tax liability is recognized in a financial year. Every year, the position is revisited and the deferred tax asset or deferred tax liability may be reversed depending upon the calculations made.

When there is a disallowance / addition to Profit before tax in tax return, deferred tax asset is created. When additional deduction / allowance is claimed from Profit before tax in tax return, deferred tax liability is created. Instead of mugging it up, whether an asset is to be created or liability, can be understood in logical terms as under:

  • When a disallowance / addition is made in tax return vis-a-vis the expense booked in books, it implies that taxable income is higher in current year, i.e. tax paid is higher now, thus lower tax would need to be paid in future, hence recognize an asset now.

  • Conversely, when higher deduction is claimed in tax return vis-a-vis the expense booked in books, it implies that taxable income is lower in current year, tax paid is lower now, thus higher tax would need to be paid in future, hence recognize a liability now.

Accounting Standard 22 provides for various other aspects related to deferred tax recognition as well, such as:

  • deferred tax is to be recognized at enacted or substantively enacted rate as on balance sheet date
  • deferred tax asset is recognized when there is ‘virtual certainty’ that the asset can be reversed in the future
  • deferred tax getting reversed within the tax holiday period should not be recognized

This might sound like too complicated and confusing, but if one were to think logically, the concept of deferred tax is pretty simple. Accounting classes at Super 20 Training Institute can help you learn complex accounting concepts such as these with ease.

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The Benefits Of Learning Accounting Via An Institute

Accounting is no more simply limited to maintaining bookkeeping, profit and loss and balance…

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best accounting course in ahmedabad

Accounting is no more simply limited to maintaining bookkeeping, profit and loss and balance sheet. As many companies now turn global, the transactions get more complex. Therefore, an accountant is now expected to possess the knowledge of how to handle such intricate transactions. Even the local companies are now in a dilemma as to how to handle the accounts after the launch of GST.

Every now and then we hear of bankruptcy of highly reputed banks. The ability to detect such fraud at an early stage is also what one expects out of an accountant. Lot of job opportunities are out in the market and unfortunately very few are well qualified for it. 

Possessing a degree is one thing but to be able to practically handle the transactions is where the actual skill is. If you aspire to be one of those rare but an accountant with exceptional skills, one needs to know what is beyond the books. That is where the catch is! 

Super 20 is one such institute that offers accounting courses in Ahmedabad and other various courses for all who are eager to learn about accounting and related courses.

The following are the key features which are offered by S20-

  • Accounting 
  • GST
  • Taxation 
  • Tally
  • Banking and finance
  • Courses for basic learners, experienced and advance learners
  • Communication skills, personality development, computer skills

What are the benefits of enrolling yourself with for Super20 courses?

  • Expert faculties

They claim all their faculties are qualified Chartered Accountants with expert knowledge. Learning directly from the experts mouth eradicates the chances of errors and provides conceptual clarity on the fundamentals.

  • Step by step approach and customized courses

Super20 courses take you step by step from basic level of courses to advanced level. If someone wants to skip the basic level, he can directly take up the advanced level course to get updated with technical concepts after clearing some procedures.

  • Real life case studies

As discussed above, S20 aims at learning the practical way i.e., without the books. This helps the students to crack the real corporate world scenarios way before they enter the corporate world. This makes them confident when they join their job or speak to their clients.

  • Doubt solving

The faculties are completely dedicated to each and every student and take keen interest to solve their doubts whether small or big. The focus is on bringing conceptual clarity and confidence in each student.  

  • Reasonable fees

Their fees are reasonable compared to many other institutes. Also, one doesn’t need to pay again if at all he is unable to grasp the course in the given period. Super20 courses are supremely beneficial for slow learners.

  • Communication skills and personality development

S20 makes sure that when you leave their premise, you are fully prepared to enter the corporate world, which is why they offer special course on communication skills and personality development.

  • Confidence

The Super20 courses are a combination of such courses which guarantees confidence to the student. One is able to handle the complex transactions like Merger and Acquisitions, accounting of international businesses by Indian company, etc.

  • 100% placement assistance

They provide a 100% placement assistance to provide you with job once you finish the course.

  • Focus on developing practical sense and skills

By providing lectures on corporate banking, various businesses, structure of the economy and likewise, the student is carved for their entrepreneur drive.

  • Career guidance

After completing the course, one may be confused whether to opt for a banking job or work with a manufacturing company or start his own business. S20 provides counseling laying down the pros and cons in each of them.

  • Learning made enjoyable for youngsters

The faculties try to make the lectures interactive and lively so that they don’t get bored. Also they are introduced with certain computer related skills.

  • Free demo

Don’t think much. Just go for a demo lecture before joining in. See if you are able to connect with the faculties’ way of teaching, and then decide to go for it or not.

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Fundamentals of TDS

As most of us are aware, TDS actually stands for tax deduction at source.…

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As most of us are aware, TDS actually stands for tax deduction at source. While this is easily known to all, the concepts are not as easily understood, in fact dreaded at times too. As a subject, it is vast and you’ll need a good taxation course to become Mr./Ms. Know-it-all. Here, however, we have provided a brief outline so as to familiarize readers with the first principles.

TDS is not just an Indian tax concept. It is a global code applied everywhere in taxation. Internationally, it is usually referred to as withholding tax, i.e. tax withheld while making payments. 

The key reasons behind introduction/ existence/ levy of TDS are:

  • to provide an opportunity to the government to recover tax (or at least a part of it) upfront
  • to bring the transaction within tax ambit / network and ensuring that it gets reported eventually by the income recipient

Chapter XVII of the Indian income tax law (the Income Tax Act, 1961) deals with various provisions relating to TDS, such as:

  1. Authorizing deduction of tax at source from payments made (section 190)
  2. Specifying various types of payments to residents on which taxes have to be deducted, and rate of TDS, for example:
    • Tax on salaries to be fully deducted (section 192)
    • TDS on contractual payments @ 2% (section 194C)
    • TDS on professional payments @ 10% (section 194J), and so on.
  3. Providing the situation when taxes are required to be deducted from payments to non-residents (section 195 and others)
  4. Credit of TDS deducted by payer can be claimed by the payee against the tax liability determined on his total income (section 199)
  5. Duties of person deducting TDS, for example:
    • Requirement to obtain TAN (section 203A) and deposit TDS on time (section 200);
    • Payment of interest where TDS is not deducted on time, or after deducting is not deposited within the due date (section 201);
    • Obligation to file TDS returns (section 206) and issue TDS certificate to the payee (section 203);
    • Who is responsible for deducting tax – payer or principal officer of the company where the payer is a company (section 204); and so on.

    A lot of these sections in turn refer to Income Tax Rules where further details are provided, such as due dates, format of forms to be issued and return to be filed etc.

  6. Responsibility of payee to furnish his PAN, in absence of which payer may deduct tax at higher rate of 20% (section 206AA)
  7. Possibility of applying for a lower TDS certificate to the TDS officer where the applicable tax rate can cause hardship, for example, net income is lower, income recipient is in losses etc. (sections 195 and 197)
  8. Requirement to gross up income where TDS is to be borne by the payer (section 195A).

Hope you got a quick snapshot of TDS fundamentals from the above. For more detailed learning, you could subscribe to Super 20, a taxation coaching centre in Ahmedabad forming part of various commerce courses of varying levels – Jr. Executive, Executive, Advanced Executive.

TDS concepts may seem complex, but are very relevant for today’s business and taking up the best tax course for these would go a long way in staying tax-compliant, whether self or clients. 

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The Accounting Skills You Need To Succeed

Every second person is now aspiring to be an accountant due to the unending…

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accounting skills you need to succeed

Every second person is now aspiring to be an accountant due to the unending demands for the same. But they can be categorized between mediocre, good and excellent. This transition will pave your way towards your goal to excel at accounting. This transition is utmost mandatory to grade up your job position or to attract more clients. If you are still wondering what skills you can work upon to get there, don’t worry. 

We shall discuss in this article the accounting skills which you must polish:

  • Knowledge

An accountant should possess thorough knowledge of how a particular transaction should be dealt with. If the company that he deals in wants to issue a Initial Public Offer and be listed with the National or Bombay Stock Exchange, the accountant should have in depth knowledge of how to proceed with that, what documents, bank requirements, the capital/sales requirements, etc. How is it going to affect the Balance sheet, Profit and loss and cash flows of the company? 

An accountant should be aware of the Indian Accounting Principles and Standards set by the Accounting Standard Boards and should also be able to apply them in the practical situation.

  • Analyze

An accountant should possess great analytical skills. He should be able to calculate the position of the company by having a glance at its Balance sheet, Cash flows and Profit and loss statements. This power of analyzing the opposite party can help the company to take their decision whether or not to deal with them. Like if their Debt to Equity ratio is more than 1, it implies the company has taken more debts than its capacity and hence riskier to work with it.

  • Audit

Brief knowledge on audit can save the company from complications later. A visionary accountant should foresee any difficulties approaching from the perspective of an auditor so that minimum issues are raised by the auditors after the balance sheet is finalized. Any extra ordinary case shall be looked into deeply as the auditor will not spare that. And its treatment should be convincing enough for the auditor.

  • Working on dead lines

Accountants should be able to work on deadlines as most of the work is associated with time lines. 

  • Vision

An accountant should be able to think strategically about a particular transaction and its affects if treated one way or the other in the long term. It most often affects the profitability of the company.

  • Adaptability

A lot of companies have gone global and multi-national. With that, accounting and taxation laws of the other countries are also taken into consideration. An accountant who is easily able to adapt to international laws and its treatment in India can go far in their career. Also, the local clients throw challenge with various fields they work in. Like Textiles, Pharmacy, Food, Construction, Jewelry, etc. The accountant should not be afraid but open to accepting challenges to work in different fields.

  • Good communication

Without good communication, one can literally land nowhere. Accountants should acquire the skill of being able to communicate verbally and non-verbally to attract, convince, interact with their clients or bosses. No one can work in isolation. Therefore, with great set of communication skills one can co-ordinate and be more organized in their field.

  • Organized

Since the accountant has lots to do and within set time limits, he will mess things up if his mind is not organized. He should be well aware of the dates and deadlines and should be able to prioritize work according to its urgency. 

  • Honesty and Integrity

An accountant is looked up to for his integrity. Even the Government hires accountants for special reports in case of fraud because they trust the accountants as their profession expects them to be honest and transparent.

  • Convincing power 

At times, deciding on how to treat a transaction may inflict a conflict within the organization or between two parties. An accountant possessing knowledge but no convincing power will be of a waste. Developing this skill will be an icing on the cake.

  • Accounting software

Along with Tally, a lot of new accounting software are launched for business automation and to reduce the clerical work of an accountant. Any small or large enterprise works on one or other accounting software like Zoho Books, Quickbooks, SAP, Saral, MProfit, etc. So, at least basic knowledge of the most used accounting software in the market should be gained to have an upper hand at any interview.

Your love for accountancy will enhance as and when you develop the above skills and for your career. Keep upgrading your knowledge as the past glory will just keep you where you are. You can join accounting coaching classes in Ahmedabad and attain the heights in the accounting profession.

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The Types Of Accounting Software Leveraging Accounting Task To A Great Extent

Accounting software becomes imperative as the business expands, making the accounting of expenses, stock,…

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Accounting institute in Ahmedabad - Super 20

Accounting software becomes imperative as the business expands, making the accounting of expenses, stock, profit, bills, payments, receivables, etc much easier. Most importantly it reduces the manual work as it integrates transactions. There is various accounting software available in the market used by any accounting institute in Ahmedabad or across the country to prepare the accounting statements in the best possible manner.

  • Busy

Well known for its detailed inventory management ability. It also aids in maintaining accounts, taxes, payrolls, sales and purchases. Fruitful for businesses which have global platforms as it offers multi-currency financial reporting facility.

  • Tally.ERP9

Most popular and user-friendly accounting software which offers accounting, sales, purchase, inventory and payroll for an enterprise. It enables passing journal entries, trial balance, P&L, Cash flow statements, Balance sheet and lot more. The processes from invoice building to filing GST returns and its correction feature makes this the most sought for accounting software for the small and medium enterprises. If you ask any accounting institute in Ahmedabad provide coaching on learning Tally software, they will certainly tell you that its ideal for smooth operation in the business.

  • Marg

Marg is known for designing sector specific accounting software. Most famous for pharmaceutical companies. It enables a small and medium enterprise into speedy invoicing, Taxation, inventory management, accounting, etc.

  • Profit book

Profit book is a cloud accounting solution which enables in billing, track profits and losses, stock taking, etc. It also enables in tracking the payment receivables. Once the customer pays through the bank account the journal entries are passed automatically and displayed on the dashboard. Profit book enables speedy tax calculations with the journal entries passed.

  • Zoho books

Again a cloud-based accounting software can be used from any mobile device. Enables tracking of expenses in detail and thereby manage finances. An accounting Training in Ahmedabad can rest assure that each and every entry is taken into consideration as it connects through the bank account and scans each expense.

  • MProfit

Offers portfolio management and accounting software service by allowing the tracking of dividend, interest, profits, other income, etc. Helps in building a balance sheet and trial balance to learn the final performance of the enterprise. Also aids in budgeting, investment, reports for performance evaluation of the company.

So we discussed some of the best accounting software available in the market which provides error-free accounting of the company’s transactions and provides a clear picture of the company’s performance. But before you purchase the software, ask for a demo version to see whether it suits your requirement. After selecting the software, send your accounting officials to get trained on how to use it perfectly and its practical application via consulting the best accounting Course in Ahmedabad. These are mostly user-friendly and with certain training, one can tread towards being an expert.

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Accounting Reserves: Concept

Several times we have heard the word reserve in accounting but the exact meaning…

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Several times we have heard the word reserve in accounting but the exact meaning is at times not explained in various accounting classes and also most of the classes are not covering in the accounting courses. And even if it is explained in various accounting classes by learned faculties, students fail to understand the basics. They know it’s accounting effect. Do they really know what is it? Or why it is created for?

Let us understand the concept of reserves and their types:

Profit earned by any business is payable to its proprietor. But the proprietor does not withdraw the whole amount of profit. He leaves some amount of profit to maintain the liquidity and strengthen the financial position of the business. This amount is known as the reserve. Reserve is profits, appropriated for a particular purpose.

There is a long list of reserves created for in the books of accounts as explained in various accounting classes. And truly, it is so. However, primarily we can classify reserves in two categories:

  • Revenue reserve
  • Capital reserve

Revenue reserves can be further classified into:

  1. General reserve: Profit determined by the profit and loss statement at the end of the year, the proportion of such profit is not aid to the proprietor, but kept apart is known as revenue reserve. General reserve is created to maintain the liquidity of the business resources, meeting any known contingencies, liabilities, etc.
  2. Specific reserve: If the provision is created for any specific period it is known as a specific reserve. This reserve cannot be utilized for any other purposes. For example- Reserve for Repairs and Maintenance, Reserve for Outstanding Expenses.

On the other hand, Capital Reserve refers to the profit that arises from the sources other than the normal trading activities. Such profit is known as capital profit. A capital reserve is an account on the balance sheet which can be used for contingencies or to offset capital losses. It is built out of capital profit and not out of business profit.

Hence, we can infer that reserve is a great source for financing any long-term project of any company, and if a company which isn’t keen to go for debt, term loan etc. can use this reserve to fully finance their new projects. There are many sub-classifications we focus during our accounting classes on reserves. For more such details you can attend our free demo classes.

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Understanding Methods of Depreciation

Generally, methods for providing depreciation are based on the formula developed on a study of…

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depreciation method - Best accounting classes in ahmedabad

Generally, methods for providing depreciation are based on the formula developed on a study of the behavior of the assets over a period of years for readily computing the amount of depreciation suffered by different forms of assets. However, various accounting institutes focus on a few methods and overlook the other methods. Due to space constraint, we will explain only two most commonly used depreciation methods here.

The two methods for providing depreciation are the Straight Line Method and the Reducing Balance Method. The Straight Line Method is the most suitable and accurate method to adapt in most case. The income tax rules, however, prescribe the Reducing Balance Method except in the case of assets of an undertaking engaged in generation and distribution of power.

Straight Line Method: An equal amount is written off every year during the working life of an asset so as to reduce the cost of the asset to nil or its residual value at end of its useful life. The advantages of this method are that it is simple to apply and give accurate result results especially in the case of leases, patent and copyrights, and also in case of plant and machinery. This method is even known as Fixed Instalment Method.

Methods of Depreciation - best tally classes in ahmedabad

So, it is very simple. And it is like apportioning some expenses every year. So, no need to attend any accounting institute for this purpose.

Reducing Balance Method: Under this method, a fixed percentage of diminishing value of the asset is written off each year, so as to the asset to its break – up value at the end of its life, repairs and small renewals being charged to revenue. This method is commonly used for plants, fixtures, etc. Under this system, the annual charge for depreciation decreases from year to year, so that the earlier years suffer to the benefit of the later years. Also, under this method, the value of the asset can never be completely extinguished, which happens in the early explained Straight Line Method.

Many accounting institutes and academies stop at this juncture instead of teaching students exact formulae of arriving at the proper depreciation rate. But our accounting training in Ahmedabad focuses on every nitty-gritty of this method since this method is generally the only allowed method of calculating income tax applicable to the firm.

In this method, Depreciation goes on decreasing every year. The formula is –

best accounting classes in ahmedabad 2018-12-19

Suppose that the fixed asset purchase price is 10,000, the scrap value is 1,000, and the depreciation rate is 30%.

Using the Reducing balance method, 30% of the depreciation base (net book value minus scrap value) is calculated at the end of the previous depreciation period. Calculation of depreciation for the first three years is shown in the following table.

Understanding Methods of Depreciation - accounting classes in ahmedabad

If you have any questions related to this topic, we will be happy to revert to you or you can visit our accounting institute in Ahmedabad and attend a free demo class of depreciation accounting.

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Principal Book of Accounts

Oh! What is this? Principal book of accounts? Had you attended our accounting course,…

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Principal-Book-of--Accounts the best classes in Ahmedabad

Oh! What is this? Principal book of accounts? Had you attended our accounting course, you would not ask this question. The answer is simple, it called ‘Ledger’. Ledger is the principal book of accounts where similar transactions relating to a particular person or property or expenses are recorded. It is a set of accounts. It contains all accounts of business enterprises whether real, nominal or personal. The main function of the ledger is to classify out sort out all the items appearing in the journal or other subsidiary books under their appropriate accounts so that at the end of the accounting period each account will contain the entire information of all the transactions relating to it a summarized or condensed form.

The following is the specimen ruling of the standard form of the ledger account.

princacc - s20 the best tally classes in ahmedabad

Ledger posting :
The term ‘posting’ means transferring the debit and credit items from the journal to their respective accounts in the ledger. So without practical accounting training also, you can do this. Still, certain minute things which are covered in various accounting courses are also explained here.

Following rules should be observed while posting transactions in the ledger from the journal.

  • Separate accounts should be opened in the ledger for posting transactions relating to different accounts recorded in the journal.
  • The concerned account which has been debited in the journal should also be debited in the ledger i.e., the debit of the journal entry is posted to the debit side. However, a reference should be made of the other account which has been credited in the journal.
  • The concern account which has been credited in the journal, should also be credited in the ledger i.e., the credit of the journal entry is posted to the credit side, but a reference should be given of the other account which has been debited in the journal.
  • It is customary to use the words ‘To’ and ‘By’ while making posting in the ledger. The word ‘To’ is used with the accounts shown on the debit side of the ledger account while the word ‘By’ is used with accounts which appears on the credit side of the ledger account.
  • In the folio column, the page number of the journal form where the entry is transferred to the ledger account is written.

The date of the transaction is written on the date column.

Super20 - the best accounting classes in ahmedabad

super20 the accounting classes in ahmedabad

So, it is very simple and easy. Only thing, which is expected of you is accuracy in the entire process. And for accuracy, all you need is to do lot of practice. Because, at our accounting training institute in Ahmedabad, while teaching various accounting courses, we stress utmost for accuracy.

If you have any questions or are looking for the best accounting training institute in Ahmedabad, you may contact us.